Influencia de finos de perlitas para la fabricación de ladrillos y bloques.uso en viviendas sociales
Date
2022
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Abstract
En San Antonio de los Cobres, ubicado al oeste de la provincia de Salta, Argentina, los
residentes recurren al uso de adobes (bloques macizos de arcilla) para construir sus casas.
Dicha mampostería es realizada por los propios residentes de manera manual utilizando
antiguas técnicas de construcción cuyo material principal es la arcilla. En la actualidad,
este material resulta escaso en la región debido a la creciente demanda.
Por otro lado, la explotación minera es la principal actividad económica en la zona, por lo
que en las cercanías de la localidad hay plantas mineras que extraen el mineral perlita y
durante la extracción, trituración y separación de las partículas por tamaño, generan
desechos de partículas de menos de 150 micrones.
En los últimos años el cuidado del medio ambiente y la reducción de los desechos han
sido tema de discusión en la mayoría de las industrias, por lo que la reutilización de dichos
desechos en elementos que pueden ser útiles para la sociedad colabora con la
sustentabilidad que se busca.
En respuesta a esto y considerando los problemas medioambientales se propone en esta
tesis investigar sobre la elaboración de ladrillos macizos y bloques huecos con un alto
contenido de residuos (70% en peso), cal hidratada y cemento Portland compuesto,
elaborándolos de manera manual con una unidad de compactación CINVA-Ram.
El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es analizar la posibilidad de reemplazar
los ladrillos de Adobe con estos nuevos mampuestos. Dichos análisis seguirán pruebas
que cumplan con las Normas IRAM (organismo oficial nacional de estándares para la
República Argentina), como las pruebas de resistencia a la compresión y a la flexión,
absorción, absorción capilar y conductividad térmica.
Se observó que el residuo de perlita cruda es un material inerte pero que, a periodos largos
en conjunto con el cemento y cal hidratada, aporta resistencias mecánicas en los
mampuestos.
Se fabricaron los mampuestos tanto en laboratorio como en el lugar a donde están
destinados para observar si existen notables diferencias en las características de los
mismos.
En conclusión, los resultados de los mampuestos realizados en laboratorio como in situ
indicaron que el ladrillo macizo de perlita estudiado presenta mejores propiedades físicas
y mecánicas que los ladrillos de Adobe, pero no así los bloques huecos dejando abierta la
posibilidad de mejorar las características de estos últimos.
In San Antonio de los Cobres, located in the western of province of Salta, Argentina, residents resort to the use of adobes (solid blocks of clay) to build their houses. This masonry is made by the residents themselves manually using ancient construction techniques whose main material is clay. At present, this material is scarce in the region due to the increasing demand. On the other hand, mining is the main economic activity in the area, so close to town there are mining plants that extract the mineral perlite and during the extraction, crushing and separation of the particles by size, they generate waste of particles less than 150 microns. In recent years, caring for the environment and reducing waste have been topics of discussion in most industries, so the reuse of said waste in elements that can be useful to society contribute to the sustainability. In response to this and considering environmental problems, it is proposed in this thesis to investigate the elaboration of solid bricks and hollow blocks with a high content of residues (70% by weight), hydrated lime and composite Portland cement, elaborating them manually with a CINVA-Ram compaction unit. The objective of this research work is to analyze the possibility of replacing Adobe bricks with this new masonry. Said analyzes will follow tests that comply with IRAM standards (official national standards body for the Argentine Republic), such as compression and flexural strength, absorption, capillary absorption and thermal conductivity. It was observed that the raw perlite residue is an inert material but that, over long periods together with the cement and hydrated lime, it provides mechanical strength in the masonry. The masonry was manufactured both in the laboratory and in the place where they are destined to observe if there are notable differences in their characteristics. In conclusion, the results of the masonry carried out in the laboratory and in situ indicated that the solid perlite brick studied has better physical and mechanical properties than the Adobe bricks, but not the hollow blocks, leaving open the possibility of improving their characteristics last.
In San Antonio de los Cobres, located in the western of province of Salta, Argentina, residents resort to the use of adobes (solid blocks of clay) to build their houses. This masonry is made by the residents themselves manually using ancient construction techniques whose main material is clay. At present, this material is scarce in the region due to the increasing demand. On the other hand, mining is the main economic activity in the area, so close to town there are mining plants that extract the mineral perlite and during the extraction, crushing and separation of the particles by size, they generate waste of particles less than 150 microns. In recent years, caring for the environment and reducing waste have been topics of discussion in most industries, so the reuse of said waste in elements that can be useful to society contribute to the sustainability. In response to this and considering environmental problems, it is proposed in this thesis to investigate the elaboration of solid bricks and hollow blocks with a high content of residues (70% by weight), hydrated lime and composite Portland cement, elaborating them manually with a CINVA-Ram compaction unit. The objective of this research work is to analyze the possibility of replacing Adobe bricks with this new masonry. Said analyzes will follow tests that comply with IRAM standards (official national standards body for the Argentine Republic), such as compression and flexural strength, absorption, capillary absorption and thermal conductivity. It was observed that the raw perlite residue is an inert material but that, over long periods together with the cement and hydrated lime, it provides mechanical strength in the masonry. The masonry was manufactured both in the laboratory and in the place where they are destined to observe if there are notable differences in their characteristics. In conclusion, the results of the masonry carried out in the laboratory and in situ indicated that the solid perlite brick studied has better physical and mechanical properties than the Adobe bricks, but not the hollow blocks, leaving open the possibility of improving their characteristics last.
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Mampuestos, Perlita, Desecho, Sustentabilidad
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