Nanoarcillas sintéticas para ser empleadas en la valorizacion de glicerol a carbonato de glicerilo
Date
2025-07-04
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba
Abstract
El reemplazo parcial de combustibles fósiles por derivados de biomasa ha ganado relevancia recientemente. En este contexto, la conversión de moléculas plataforma en productos químicos de alto valor agregado es una estrategia clave para aprovechar estos recursos. En los últimos años, se han desarrollado tecnologías alternativas, denominadas "biorrefinerías", que permiten producir biocombustibles y aditivos de manera sostenible y económica. El glicerol, subproducto del biodiesel, es reconocido como una de las moléculas plataforma más prometedoras. Cuando reacciona con un alquilcarbonato da lugar al carbonato de glicerol (CG), una molécula valiosa que destaca por sus propiedades excepcionales: biodegradabilidad, baja toxicidad, capacidad de hidratación y bajo punto de inflamación. Estas características están en concordancia con los principios de la química verde y permiten que el CG se utilice como solvente orgánico, así como monómero en la industria de polímeros, en la industria cosmética, entre otros.
Durante las últimas décadas, el campo de los materiales catalíticos ha experimentado un creciente interés, especialmente en la síntesis y aplicación de óxidos metálicos mixtos (OMMs). Estos materiales, derivados de sus precursores hidróxidos dobles laminares (HDLs) han demostrado propiedades excepcionales en diversos procesos catalíticos como en las reacciones de transesterificación, por sus características básicas. Estos materiales presentan estructuras que permiten una dispersión homogénea de los metales en su superficie, lo cual maximiza la accesibilidad de los sitios activos. Entre sus aplicaciones más destacadas se encuentran la catálisis heterogénea, donde su estabilidad térmica, resistencia a la sinterización y presencia de abundantes sitios básicos de Lewis los convierten en catalizadores óptimos. Una de las principales ventajas de estos materiales es la posibilidad de ajustar sus propiedades mediante la variación de la composición de sus precursores. Al sintetizar OMM con diferentes combinaciones metálicas, se pueden obtener catalizadores con áreas superficiales más grandes, mayor fortaleza de los sitios activos y una mejor resistencia a la desactivación, lo que los convierte en una opción preferente en la transesterificación y otros procesos industriales clave. Además, su reutilización en ciclos sucesivos de reacción es posible sin pérdida significativa de actividad catalítica.
La presente tesis doctoral se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ) UTN-CONICET, perteneciente a la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional – Facultad Regional Córdoba (UTN-FRC). En este contexto, la investigación se centró en la síntesis de OMMs para su uso como catalizadores heterogéneos en la reacción de transesterificación entre glicerol y carbonatos de alquilo, con el objetivo de producir CG. La tesis se organiza en siete capítulos y dos apéndices, donde se detalla el procedimiento de síntesis de los precursores HDLs, el cual consistió del método de coprecipitación, que es simple, reproducible y de bajo costo. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron los OMMs a partir de estos HDLs por diversos tratamientos térmicos. Además, se presentan las técnicas de caracterización y los principios utilizados para evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas, texturales y estructurales de los sólidos. También se discuten las condiciones experimentales bajo las cuales se llevaron a cabo las reacciones de transesterificación, así como el análisis de los materiales tras pruebas de estabilidad, evaluando su rendimiento después de varios ciclos de uso.
The partial replacement of fossil fuels by biomass derivatives has recently gained relevance. In this context, the conversion of platform molecules into high-value-added chemical products is a key strategy to take advantage of these resources. In recent years, alternative technologies, called "biorefineries", have been developed that allow biofuels and additives to be produced in a sustainable and economic way. Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel, is recognized as one of the most promising platform molecules. When it reacts with an alkyl carbonate, it gives rise to glycerol carbonate (GC), a valuable molecule that stands out for its exceptional properties: biodegradability, low toxicity, hydration capacity, and low flash point. These characteristics are in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and allow GC to be used as an organic solvent, as well as a monomer in the polymer industry, in the cosmetics industry, among others. During the last decades, the field of catalytic materials has experienced increasing interest, especially in the synthesis and application of mixed metal oxides (MMOs). These materials, derived from their precursors, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have demonstrated exceptional properties in various catalytic processes such as transesterification reactions, due to their basic characteristics. These materials present structures that allow a homogeneous dispersion of metals on their surface, which maximizes the accessibility of the active sites. Among their most notable applications is heterogeneous catalysis, where their thermal stability, resistance to sintering and presence of abundant Lewis basic sites make them optimal catalysts. One of the main advantages of these materials is the possibility of adjusting their properties by varying the composition of their precursors. MMOs synthesized with different metal combinations can be used as catalysts with larger surface areas, greater strength of the active sites and better resistance to deactivation can be obtained, making them a preferred option in transesterification and other key industrial processes. In addition, their reuse in successive reaction cycles is possible without significant loss of catalytic activity. This doctoral thesis was carried out at the Chemical Research and Technology Center (CITeQ) UTN-CONICET, belonging to the National Technological University – Córdoba Regional Faculty (UTN-FRC). In this context, the research focused on synthesizing MMOs as heterogeneous catalysts in the transesterification reaction between glycerol and alkyl carbonates, to produce CG. The thesis is organized into eight chapters, where the synthesis procedure of the LDHs precursors is detailed, which consisted of the coprecipitation method, which is simple, reproducible, and low cost. Subsequently, the MMOs were obtained from these HDL by various thermal treatments. In addition, the characterization techniques and the principles used to evaluate the physicochemical, textural and structural properties of the solids are presented. The experimental conditions under which the transesterification reactions were carried out are also discussed, as well as the analysis of the materials after stability tests, evaluating their performance after several cycles of use.
The partial replacement of fossil fuels by biomass derivatives has recently gained relevance. In this context, the conversion of platform molecules into high-value-added chemical products is a key strategy to take advantage of these resources. In recent years, alternative technologies, called "biorefineries", have been developed that allow biofuels and additives to be produced in a sustainable and economic way. Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel, is recognized as one of the most promising platform molecules. When it reacts with an alkyl carbonate, it gives rise to glycerol carbonate (GC), a valuable molecule that stands out for its exceptional properties: biodegradability, low toxicity, hydration capacity, and low flash point. These characteristics are in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and allow GC to be used as an organic solvent, as well as a monomer in the polymer industry, in the cosmetics industry, among others. During the last decades, the field of catalytic materials has experienced increasing interest, especially in the synthesis and application of mixed metal oxides (MMOs). These materials, derived from their precursors, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have demonstrated exceptional properties in various catalytic processes such as transesterification reactions, due to their basic characteristics. These materials present structures that allow a homogeneous dispersion of metals on their surface, which maximizes the accessibility of the active sites. Among their most notable applications is heterogeneous catalysis, where their thermal stability, resistance to sintering and presence of abundant Lewis basic sites make them optimal catalysts. One of the main advantages of these materials is the possibility of adjusting their properties by varying the composition of their precursors. MMOs synthesized with different metal combinations can be used as catalysts with larger surface areas, greater strength of the active sites and better resistance to deactivation can be obtained, making them a preferred option in transesterification and other key industrial processes. In addition, their reuse in successive reaction cycles is possible without significant loss of catalytic activity. This doctoral thesis was carried out at the Chemical Research and Technology Center (CITeQ) UTN-CONICET, belonging to the National Technological University – Córdoba Regional Faculty (UTN-FRC). In this context, the research focused on synthesizing MMOs as heterogeneous catalysts in the transesterification reaction between glycerol and alkyl carbonates, to produce CG. The thesis is organized into eight chapters, where the synthesis procedure of the LDHs precursors is detailed, which consisted of the coprecipitation method, which is simple, reproducible, and low cost. Subsequently, the MMOs were obtained from these HDL by various thermal treatments. In addition, the characterization techniques and the principles used to evaluate the physicochemical, textural and structural properties of the solids are presented. The experimental conditions under which the transesterification reactions were carried out are also discussed, as well as the analysis of the materials after stability tests, evaluating their performance after several cycles of use.
Description
Keywords
Glicerol, Óxidos mixtos, Hidróxidos dobles laminares, Catálisis heterogénea
Citation
Collections
Endorsement
Review
Supplemented By
Referenced By
Creative Commons license
Except where otherwised noted, this item's license is described as info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess