Generación distribuida y autoconsumo. Análisis del impacto en el retorno económico
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Date
2024-10
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Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Bahía Blanca
Abstract
Con la reglamentación de la Ley 27424 (nacional) y la Ley 10604 (Córdoba), se ha establecido
un marco normativo que, en los últimos años, ha posibilitado un incremento en la cantidad de
conexiones de instalaciones de Generación Distribuida, aunque, para clientes residenciales, la
proporción es baja.
Este trabajo evalúa una instalación de Generación Distribuida (solar fotovoltaica), ubicada en la
Facultad Regional Córdoba, donde se analizan los tiempos de recupero de la inversión
planteando distintos escenarios de Autoconsumo, considerando la legislación nacional y
provincial, las tarifas vigentes y los precios de mercado de la tecnología empleada.
Por su aporte energético, la central conectada a la red interna permite analizar el comportamiento
de un usuario-generador residencial, ya que es comparable con una instalación domiciliaria
promedio.
El sistema posee un medidor bidireccional, que mide y almacena los distintos parámetros a los
que se accede desde una plataforma web.
Los datos relevados se procesan mediante planillas de cálculo de las que se extraen los valores
de consumo de las cargas, la producción fotovoltaica, la energía autoconsumida y la vertida a la
red, centrando el análisis en la relación entre la energía autoconsumida y la producción FV
(Autoconsumo).
Para conocer su influencia directa, se definen distintos escenarios porcentuales de Autoconsumo
y se calcula el período de retorno, relacionando la inversión con el ahorro anual producido en el
consumo de energía derivado de cada escenario considerado.
Además, se cuantifica la reducción de emisiones que representa la generación fotovoltaica anual
promedio de la instalación, aplicando los factores que publica CAMMESA en su informe anual.
Con los datos registrados, para Autoconsumo Ideal (100%), se obtienen períodos de retorno que
superan los 12 años, llegando a duplicarse para valores de Autoconsumo del 50%.
Complementariamente, por la producción anual de la instalación analizada, se evita la emisión
de 1,344 TonCO2.
Para obtener factores de Autoconsumo altos, la instalación de generación se dimensiona de
acuerdo con el perfil de demanda de cada usuario. La incorporación del almacenamiento en
baterías contribuye a lograr ese objetivo, pero los costos del equipamiento mínimo necesario
implican una mayor inversión inicial, estimada en un 35 %, que derivan en mayores periodos de
retorno. La implementación de sistemas de Gestión de la Demanda aporta una mejora en la
eficiencia de estas instalaciones.
Por los resultados obtenidos se considera necesario fortalecer políticas alternativas de
promoción para lograr una adecuada y sostenida implementación de estos sistemas de
Generación Distribuida.
With the regulation of Law 27424 (national) and Law 10604 (Córdoba), a regulatory framework has been established which, in the last years, has made possible an increase in the number of connections of Distributed Generation installations, although, for residential customers, the proportion is low. This work evaluates a Distributed Generation installation (solar photovoltaic), located in the Regional Faculty of Córdoba, where the payback times of the investment are analyzed considering different scenarios of Self-consumption, considering the national and provincial legislation, the current tariffs and the market prices of the technology used. Due to its energy contribution, the power plant connected to the internal network allows for analyzing the behavior of a residential user-generator, since it is comparable to an average home installation. The system has a bidirectional meter that measures and stores the different parameters, which can be accessed from a web platform. The data collected are processed using spreadsheets from which the consumption values of the loads, photovoltaic production, self-consumed energy, and energy fed into the grid are extracted, focusing the analysis on the relationship between self-consumed energy and PV production (Selfconsumption). Different self-consumption percentage scenarios are defined to know its direct influence and the payback period is calculated, relating the investment with the annual savings produced in the energy consumption derived from each scenario considered. In addition, the reduction in emissions represented by the average annual photovoltaic generation of the installation is quantified, applying the factors published by CAMMESA in its annual report. With the data recorded, for Ideal Self-consumption (100%), return periods exceeding 12 years are obtained, doubling for Self-consumption values of 50%. In addition, for the annual production of the installation analyzed, the emission of 1,344 TonCO2 is avoided. To obtain high self-consumption factors, the generation facility is sized according to the demand profile of each user. The incorporation of battery storage contributes to achieving this objective, but the costs of the minimum necessary equipment imply a higher initial investment, estimated at 35%, which results in longer payback periods. Implementing Demand Management systems contributes to improving these facilities' efficiency. Due to the results obtained, it is considered necessary to strengthen alternative promotion policies to achieve an adequate and sustained implementation of these Distributed Generation systems.
With the regulation of Law 27424 (national) and Law 10604 (Córdoba), a regulatory framework has been established which, in the last years, has made possible an increase in the number of connections of Distributed Generation installations, although, for residential customers, the proportion is low. This work evaluates a Distributed Generation installation (solar photovoltaic), located in the Regional Faculty of Córdoba, where the payback times of the investment are analyzed considering different scenarios of Self-consumption, considering the national and provincial legislation, the current tariffs and the market prices of the technology used. Due to its energy contribution, the power plant connected to the internal network allows for analyzing the behavior of a residential user-generator, since it is comparable to an average home installation. The system has a bidirectional meter that measures and stores the different parameters, which can be accessed from a web platform. The data collected are processed using spreadsheets from which the consumption values of the loads, photovoltaic production, self-consumed energy, and energy fed into the grid are extracted, focusing the analysis on the relationship between self-consumed energy and PV production (Selfconsumption). Different self-consumption percentage scenarios are defined to know its direct influence and the payback period is calculated, relating the investment with the annual savings produced in the energy consumption derived from each scenario considered. In addition, the reduction in emissions represented by the average annual photovoltaic generation of the installation is quantified, applying the factors published by CAMMESA in its annual report. With the data recorded, for Ideal Self-consumption (100%), return periods exceeding 12 years are obtained, doubling for Self-consumption values of 50%. In addition, for the annual production of the installation analyzed, the emission of 1,344 TonCO2 is avoided. To obtain high self-consumption factors, the generation facility is sized according to the demand profile of each user. The incorporation of battery storage contributes to achieving this objective, but the costs of the minimum necessary equipment imply a higher initial investment, estimated at 35%, which results in longer payback periods. Implementing Demand Management systems contributes to improving these facilities' efficiency. Due to the results obtained, it is considered necessary to strengthen alternative promotion policies to achieve an adequate and sustained implementation of these Distributed Generation systems.
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Keywords
Generación Distribuida, Energía solar fotovoltaica, Autoconsumo, Prosumidor, Distributed Generation, Photovoltaic Solar Energy, Self-consumption
Citation
Libro de Actas del V Congreso de Energías Sustentables
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