“Modelado, simulación y ensayo de puntos calientes en sistemas fotovoltaicos”
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Date
2025-12-23
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Escuela de Posgrado FRBA
Abstract
Se presenta en el siguiente trabajo de tesis la realización del modelado eléctrico de módulos y
sistemas fotovoltaicos basados en celdas solares de silicio cristalino a fin de simular condiciones que
permitan magnificar el fenómeno de punto caliente en celdas fotovoltaicas. Este fenómeno,
conocido en inglés como “hot-spot”, sucede cuando una celda dentro de un módulo o sistema genera
menos corriente que las demás, ya sea por algún efecto de sombra o por algún defecto propio de la
celda. Cuando se produce un punto caliente en una celda solar, el dispositivo deja de entregar
energía y se comporta como una carga resistiva, disipando potencia en forma de calor. El modelo
eléctrico propuesto permite cuantificar la potencia disipada y obtener las peores condiciones para
una celda solar. Posteriormente, se realizan ensayos experimentales utilizando los datos de las
simulaciones para recrear el peor caso de disipación para una celda dentro de un módulo y medir la
temperatura que alcanza. Para la obtención del modelo eléctrico (basado en el modelo de un diodo
de una celda solar) se trazan experimentalmente las curvas I-V (tensión vs. corriente) de módulos y
diodos de paso comerciales y se realizan ajustes para la obtención de los parámetros característicos.
Los resultados de las simulaciones mostraron que celdas sombreadas o defectuosas pueden alcanzar
valores de potencia disipada superiores a los 100 W, desarrollar temperaturas cercanas a 200 °C y
pérdidas de potencia a nivel sistema de hasta el 6%.
This thesis presents the development of an electrical model for photovoltaic modules and systems based on crystalline silicon solar cells, with the aim of simulating conditions that amplify the hot spot phenomenon in photovoltaic cells. This effect occurs when a cell within a module or system generates less current than the others, due to partial shading or intrinsic defects. Under such conditions, the affected cell ceases to deliver power and instead behaves as a resistive load, dissipating energy as heat. The proposed electrical model enables the quantification of the dissipated power and the identification of worst-case conditions for a solar cell. Based on the simulation results, experimental tests were conducted to recreate the highest dissipation scenario for a cell within a module in order to measure its final temperature. To construct the electrical model based on the single-diode equivalent circuit of a solar cell, I-V (current–voltage) curves of commercial modules and bypass diodes were obtained experimentally, and parameter fitting was performed to determine characteristic values. Simulation results showed that shaded or defective cells may dissipate more than 100 W, reach temperatures approaching 200 °C, and cause system-level power losses of up to 6%.
This thesis presents the development of an electrical model for photovoltaic modules and systems based on crystalline silicon solar cells, with the aim of simulating conditions that amplify the hot spot phenomenon in photovoltaic cells. This effect occurs when a cell within a module or system generates less current than the others, due to partial shading or intrinsic defects. Under such conditions, the affected cell ceases to deliver power and instead behaves as a resistive load, dissipating energy as heat. The proposed electrical model enables the quantification of the dissipated power and the identification of worst-case conditions for a solar cell. Based on the simulation results, experimental tests were conducted to recreate the highest dissipation scenario for a cell within a module in order to measure its final temperature. To construct the electrical model based on the single-diode equivalent circuit of a solar cell, I-V (current–voltage) curves of commercial modules and bypass diodes were obtained experimentally, and parameter fitting was performed to determine characteristic values. Simulation results showed that shaded or defective cells may dissipate more than 100 W, reach temperatures approaching 200 °C, and cause system-level power losses of up to 6%.
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Keywords
Sombras, puntos calientes, sistema fotovoltaico, generación distribuida.
