Estudio de asfaltos híbridos modificados con caucho reciclado de neumáticos fuera de uso y nanoarcillas
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18-12-2025
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Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional La Plata
Abstract
En la actualidad, los asfaltos modificados con polímeros se emplean ampliamente, especialmente en infraestructuras viales sometidas a altas cargas de tránsito y condiciones ambientales severas. Los polímeros sintéticos ofrecen excelentes resultados para este propósito, aunque su alto costo limita su uso extensivo. Una alternativa de menor costo y con importantes beneficios ambientales es el caucho reciclado proveniente de neumáticos fuera de uso (NFU), que brinda un desempeño comparable al de los polímeros comerciales. Sin embargo, su aplicación enfrenta dos limitaciones principales: la baja estabilidad al almacenamiento, que se manifiesta como separación de fases cuando el ligante se almacena a altas temperaturas sin agitación, y la susceptibilidad del caucho a los mismos mecanismos de envejecimiento y degradación que afectan al asfalto, lo que acorta la vida útil del pavimento. En los últimos años, el uso de nanomateriales en la modificación de asfaltos ha cobrado creciente relevancia. Entre ellos, las nanoarcillas tipo montmorillonita han demostrado un interesante potencial como aditivos, ya que mejoran el desempeño mecánico y la resistencia al envejecimiento gracias a sus propiedades de barrera, observadas inicialmente en los nanocompositos poliméricos desarrollados por Toyota en la década de 1990. Además, se ha comprobado que las nanoarcillas pueden actuar como compatibilizadores en mezclas poliméricas, lo que podría contribuir a reducir la separación de fases en asfaltos modificados. No obstante, su uso combinado con caucho reciclado de NFU ha sido poco explorado. En este contexto, la presente tesis se centra en el desarrollo de asfaltos más sostenibles, estables y durables, mediante la modificación con caucho reciclado y nanoarcillas. El objetivo principal fue evaluar el efecto de pequeñas proporciones de nanoarcilla sobre el desempeño reológico, la resistencia al envejecimiento y la estabilidad al almacenamiento de asfaltos modificados con caucho. Para ello, se prepararon organoarcillas a partir de bentonita natural argentina y cloruro de benzalconio, optimizando las condiciones de síntesis en laboratorio. Estas organoarcillas se incorporaron junto con polvo de caucho de NFU para obtener asfaltos híbridos por vía húmeda, variando las proporciones de modificadores y los parámetros de dispersión. Posteriormente, se realizaron ensayos de caracterización reológica, estabilidad al almacenamiento y resistencia al envejecimiento termo oxidativo y ultravioleta (UV), con el objetivo de optimizar variables como el contenido de nanoarcilla, el contenido de caucho y el tipo de asfalto base. También se extrajeron y analizaron muestras de caucho digerido para estudiar las posibles interacciones caucho–arcilla durante el proceso de modificación del asfalto. Además, se evaluó el uso combinado de caucho y nanoarcillas en mezclas asfálticas, analizando sus propiedades volumétricas y su resistencia al ahuellamiento mediante el ensayo de rueda cargada. Los resultados demostraron que las organoarcillas sintetizadas pueden emplearse en bajas proporciones como aditivos estabilizantes en asfaltos modificados con caucho, reduciendo la separación de fases hasta niveles aceptables según la norma ASTM D 5976, incluso con contenidos de caucho de hasta 20% p/p. Los ensayos reológicos mostraron que las nanoarcillas mejoran el desempeño a altas temperaturas en un grado comparable al del caucho, mientras que su efecto sobre la resistencia a la fatiga es menos significativo, y depende del tipo de asfalto base. Asimismo, la incorporación de nanoarcillas aumentó la resistencia al envejecimiento, tanto termo-oxidativo como UV, aunque con mayor impacto en el primero. Por otra parte, se prepararon asfaltos híbridos con nanoarcillas de distintas cargas de surfactante, a fin de optimizar este parámetro, determinante del costo del aditivo. Se identificó una carga de surfactante óptima, por encima de la cual la nanoarcilla se delamina fácilmente gracias a su mayor compatibilidad con el asfalto. Bajo estas condiciones, se obtuvieron microestructuras de tipo nanocompuesto, que se tradujeron en mejoras significativas en el comportamiento reológico, la resistencia al envejecimiento y la estabilidad al almacenamiento. Además, se observó una sinergia entre el caucho y la nanoarcilla, donde la presencia de caucho favorece la delaminación de la arcilla. En contraste, con bajas cargas de surfactante, la arcilla no logra delaminarse adecuadamente y tiende a segregarse, interfiriendo con la digestión del caucho y deteriorando propiedades clave del ligante. Finalmente, se analizaron los efectos combinados de la carga de surfactante y el contenido de caucho, con el fin de mejorar la efectividad de las nanoarcillas menos compatibles. Se observó que, con 20% p/p de caucho, la adición de arcilla natural empeora la estabilidad al almacenamiento y la resistencia al envejecimiento, mientras que con 10% p/p de caucho ambas propiedades mejoran significativamente. Esta diferencia se atribuye a la mayor disponibilidad de fracciones livianas del asfalto cuando el contenido de caucho es menor, lo que facilita la delaminación de la arcilla natural y evita la interferencia caucho–arcilla. En tales condiciones, la arcilla natural logra estabilizar las dispersiones, ofreciendo una alternativa de bajo costo adecuada para escenarios con menores exigencias técnicas o restricciones económicas. En síntesis, esta investigación demuestra que las nanoarcillas poseen un alto potencial como aditivos en asfaltos modificados con caucho, ya que mejoran la estabilidad al almacenamiento y la resistencia al envejecimiento. Su empleo favorece el reciclaje de NFU y promueve la construcción de pavimentos más durables y sostenibles, contribuyendo a mitigar el impacto ambiental derivado de la acumulación de neumáticos desechados. De esta manera, la tesis aporta al desarrollo de tecnologías de pavimentación compatibles con los principios de economía circular y reducción de la huella de carbono.
At present, polymer-modified asphalts are widely used, especially in roads subjected to heavy traffic loads and severe environmental conditions. Synthetic polymers offer excellent performance for this purpose, although their high cost limits large-scale application. A lower-cost alternative with significant environmental benefits is crumb rubber from end-of-life tires, which provides performance benefits comparable to that of commercial polymers. However, its use faces two major limitations: low storage stability—manifested as phase separation when the binder is stored at high temperatures without agitation—and the susceptibility of rubber to the same aging and degradation mechanisms that affect asphalt, which shortens pavement service life. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials in asphalt modification has gained increasing attention. Among them, montmorillonite-type nanoclays have shown great potential as additives, as they improve mechanical performance and aging resistance due to their barrier properties, first observed in the polymer nanocomposites developed by Toyota in the 1990s. In addition, nanoclays have been found to act as compatibilizers in polymer blends, which could help reduce phase separation in modified asphalts. Nevertheless, their combined use with crumb rubber has been scarcely explored. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the development of more sustainable, stable, and durable asphalts through modification with crumb rubber and nanoclays. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of small amounts of nanoclay on the rheological performance, aging resistance, and storage stability of rubber modified asphalts. For this purpose, organoclays were prepared from natural Argentine bentonite and benzalkonium chloride, optimizing synthesis conditions at the laboratory scale. These organoclays were incorporated together with crumb rubber to produce hybrid asphalts by the wet process, varying modifier proportions and dispersion parameters. Subsequently, rheological characterization, storage stability, and thermo oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging resistance tests were performed to optimize variables such as nanoclay content, rubber content, and base asphalt type. In addition, samples of digested rubber were extracted and analyzed to study possible rubber–clay interactions during the modification process. The combined use of rubber and nanoclays in asphalt mixtures was also evaluated, analyzing their volumetric properties and rutting resistance through the Wheel Tracking Test. The results showed that the synthesized organoclays can be used in small proportions as stabilizing additives in rubber-modified asphalts, reducing phase separation to acceptable levels according to ASTM D 5976, even with rubber contents up to 20%wt. Rheological tests indicated that nanoclays improve high-temperature performance to a degree comparable to that of rubber, while their effect on fatigue resistance was less significant and dependent on the type of base asphalt. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanoclays increased aging resistance under both thermo-oxidative and UV conditions, with a stronger effect in the former. Additionally, hybrid asphalts were prepared using nanoclays with different surfactant loadings to optimize this parameter, which strongly influences additive cost. An optimal surfactant loading was identified, above which the nanoclay delaminates easily due to improved compatibility with asphalt. Under these conditions, nanocomposite-type microstructures were obtained, leading to significant improvements in rheological behavior, aging resistance, and storage stability. A synergistic effect between rubber and nanoclay was also observed, as the presence of rubber promoted clay delamination. In contrast, at low surfactant loadings, the clay did not delaminate properly and tended to segregate, interfering with rubber digestion and deteriorating key binder properties. Finally, the combined effects of surfactant loading and rubber content were analyzed to enhance the performance of less compatible nanoclays. It was found that with 20%wt rubber, the addition of natural clay worsened storage stability and aging resistance, whereas with 10%wt rubber, both properties improved significantly. This difference was attributed to the greater availability of light asphalt fractions when the rubber content was lower, which facilitated natural clay delamination and prevented rubberclay interference. Under these conditions, natural clay was able to stabilize the dispersions, offering a low-cost alternative suitable for applications with less demanding technical requirements or economic constraints. In summary, this study demonstrates that nanoclays have strong potential as additives in rubbermodified asphalts, as they improve storage stability and aging resistance. Their use promotes the recycling of end-of-life tires and supports the construction of more durable and sustainable pavements, contributing to the mitigation of environmental problems associated with tire waste accumulation. Thus, the thesis contributes to the development of paving technologies aligned with the principles of circular economy and carbon footprint reduction.
At present, polymer-modified asphalts are widely used, especially in roads subjected to heavy traffic loads and severe environmental conditions. Synthetic polymers offer excellent performance for this purpose, although their high cost limits large-scale application. A lower-cost alternative with significant environmental benefits is crumb rubber from end-of-life tires, which provides performance benefits comparable to that of commercial polymers. However, its use faces two major limitations: low storage stability—manifested as phase separation when the binder is stored at high temperatures without agitation—and the susceptibility of rubber to the same aging and degradation mechanisms that affect asphalt, which shortens pavement service life. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials in asphalt modification has gained increasing attention. Among them, montmorillonite-type nanoclays have shown great potential as additives, as they improve mechanical performance and aging resistance due to their barrier properties, first observed in the polymer nanocomposites developed by Toyota in the 1990s. In addition, nanoclays have been found to act as compatibilizers in polymer blends, which could help reduce phase separation in modified asphalts. Nevertheless, their combined use with crumb rubber has been scarcely explored. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the development of more sustainable, stable, and durable asphalts through modification with crumb rubber and nanoclays. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of small amounts of nanoclay on the rheological performance, aging resistance, and storage stability of rubber modified asphalts. For this purpose, organoclays were prepared from natural Argentine bentonite and benzalkonium chloride, optimizing synthesis conditions at the laboratory scale. These organoclays were incorporated together with crumb rubber to produce hybrid asphalts by the wet process, varying modifier proportions and dispersion parameters. Subsequently, rheological characterization, storage stability, and thermo oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging resistance tests were performed to optimize variables such as nanoclay content, rubber content, and base asphalt type. In addition, samples of digested rubber were extracted and analyzed to study possible rubber–clay interactions during the modification process. The combined use of rubber and nanoclays in asphalt mixtures was also evaluated, analyzing their volumetric properties and rutting resistance through the Wheel Tracking Test. The results showed that the synthesized organoclays can be used in small proportions as stabilizing additives in rubber-modified asphalts, reducing phase separation to acceptable levels according to ASTM D 5976, even with rubber contents up to 20%wt. Rheological tests indicated that nanoclays improve high-temperature performance to a degree comparable to that of rubber, while their effect on fatigue resistance was less significant and dependent on the type of base asphalt. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanoclays increased aging resistance under both thermo-oxidative and UV conditions, with a stronger effect in the former. Additionally, hybrid asphalts were prepared using nanoclays with different surfactant loadings to optimize this parameter, which strongly influences additive cost. An optimal surfactant loading was identified, above which the nanoclay delaminates easily due to improved compatibility with asphalt. Under these conditions, nanocomposite-type microstructures were obtained, leading to significant improvements in rheological behavior, aging resistance, and storage stability. A synergistic effect between rubber and nanoclay was also observed, as the presence of rubber promoted clay delamination. In contrast, at low surfactant loadings, the clay did not delaminate properly and tended to segregate, interfering with rubber digestion and deteriorating key binder properties. Finally, the combined effects of surfactant loading and rubber content were analyzed to enhance the performance of less compatible nanoclays. It was found that with 20%wt rubber, the addition of natural clay worsened storage stability and aging resistance, whereas with 10%wt rubber, both properties improved significantly. This difference was attributed to the greater availability of light asphalt fractions when the rubber content was lower, which facilitated natural clay delamination and prevented rubberclay interference. Under these conditions, natural clay was able to stabilize the dispersions, offering a low-cost alternative suitable for applications with less demanding technical requirements or economic constraints. In summary, this study demonstrates that nanoclays have strong potential as additives in rubbermodified asphalts, as they improve storage stability and aging resistance. Their use promotes the recycling of end-of-life tires and supports the construction of more durable and sustainable pavements, contributing to the mitigation of environmental problems associated with tire waste accumulation. Thus, the thesis contributes to the development of paving technologies aligned with the principles of circular economy and carbon footprint reduction.
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Asfalto, Caucho, NFU, Nanoarcilla, Pavimento, Reología, Envejecimiento
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