Producción de mayonesa, mostaza y ketchup
Date
2024-12-09
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Abstract
El presente estudio realiza el análisis de prefactibilidad para determinar la viabilidad de la producción de mayonesa, kétchup y mostaza.
Para comenzar con este estudio de prefactibilidad se realizó un estudio de mercado donde se analizó información sobre los mercados proveedores, competidores, consumidores y distribuidores.
En cuanto al mercado proveedor, se encuentra que la gran mayoría de los insumos necesarios se encuentran próximos o dentro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
El mercado competidor es un mercado que presenta un oligopolio imperfecto, donde dos empresas, con sus marcas principales y secundarias dominan casi el 92% del mercado. Se ingresará a competir al mercado con empresas de tamaño similar a través de un importante trabajo de marketing.
Sobre el mercado consumidor se puede decir que es un mercado en el que la demanda se encuentra en alza, donde actualmente se consumen 84.000 toneladas al año y se encuentran los productos en el 94% de los hogares del país.
En cuanto al mercado distribuidor, se encontró que las productoras de tamaño similar al propuesto tercerizan sus envíos a través de empresas que se dedican exclusivamente a la distribución mayorista hacia los mercados menoristas.
Para determinar la localización de la planta se realizó, en primer lugar, un estudio de macro localización para luego continuar con el de micro localización. De esta manera se decidió desarrollar el proyecto en el Parque Industrial de Pilar, en la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
Dentro del proyecto y en relación al aspecto organizacional se optó por un modelo de estructura funcional que se dividirá en áreas agrupadas en función de las actividades a desempeñar, buscando así un funcionamiento y administración lo más eficiente posible.
En el ámbito de la ingeniería básica del proyecto, se llevó a cabo un exhaustivo estudio de la tecnología necesaria para su desarrollo, realizando un análisis detallado que permitió la selección adecuada de los equipos. Se consideraron diversos factores, tales como el origen, la flexibilidad, la seguridad, la productividad, la automatización, el costo y las dimensiones de los equipos. El objetivo de este enfoque fue minimizar los costos, garantizar la máxima fiabilidad en la operación y facilitar un mantenimiento que sea tanto sencillo como estandarizado.
Tomando la tecnología como factor limitante y apuntando a introducirse por lo bajo en el mercado, se determinó el tamaño del proyecto. Este es un aspecto muy importante a la hora de estudiar la inversión inicial, los gastos operativos a futuro y la participación en el mercado que se tendrá como objetivo. Se estima una producción anual de 4.190.926 de paquetes abarcando entre el 1 y el 1,6% de la demanda anual de cada producto elaborado.
Sobre la ingeniería de detalle se estudiaron aspectos ambientales, legales, organizacionales, la distribución de planta y el manejo de materiales, las cantidades a producir y comprar y la determinación de espacios, entre otras cosas.
En el marco del proyecto, se implementaron medidas rigurosas de calidad, seguridad e higiene con el fin de garantizar la inocuidad del producto y salvaguardar la salud de los empleados a lo largo de cada etapa del proceso, desde la recepción de la materia prima hasta la expedición del producto terminado. Se prestó especial atención a las fases críticas de dosificación, pasteurización, molienda y envasado. Estas acciones, alineadas con normativas específicas, tienen como objetivo mejorar las condiciones de fabricación y mitigar los riesgos asociados al entorno laboral.
Asimismo, se subrayó la importancia de emplear tecnología de alta eficiencia para optimizar el rendimiento del proceso y prevenir cualquier tipo de contaminación. La higiene de las instalaciones y equipos fue prioritaria, implementándose procedimientos estandarizados de higiene operativa como medida esencial para asegurar un ambiente de trabajo seguro y saludable.
Para determinar la distribución de planta, se planificaron los espacios necesarios tanto para los sectores administrativos como de producción, considerando las dimensiones adecuadas para los trabajadores, la circulación, las máquinas, el almacenamiento, entre otros aspectos clave. Además, este proceso se llevó a cabo dentro de un marco legal y normativo vigente, asegurando el cumplimiento de las normativas laborales, de seguridad y de salud. Por otro lado, también se realizó un análisis de los impactos ambientales potenciales, evaluando las medidas necesarias para mitigar cualquier efecto negativo en el entorno y garantizar una operación sostenible.
Finalizando, se llevó a cabo el análisis económico con la finalidad de evaluar la viabilidad del proyecto en este aspecto. Se determinó la inversión inicial necesaria, los costos variables contemplando insumos, mano de obra y marketing, también los costos fijos como lo son los servicios y los trabajadores de los sectores administrativos. La inversión en activos fijos es de $785.555.921, mientras que la inversión en capital de trabajo es de $117.381.592,04.
Se estimaron los flujos del proyecto con un horizonte de diez años. Se obtuvieron valores de tasa de descuento, con un valor de 18,92 %; VAN, con un valor de $329.281.616,48; y TIR, con un valor de 27,91 %, permitiéndose así determinar que el tiempo de recupero de la inversión será de 3,4 años.
Por último, a través de un software se realizó un análisis de riesgo de la inversión, tomando como variables críticas al precio y a la cantidad de unidades vendidas. De esta manera, se determinó que los resultados económicos del proyecto son altamente sensibles a la variación del precio. Aun así, a partir de las probabilidades obtenidas de que el VAN del proyecto sea mayor que cero, se definió que el proyecto sería económicamente viable en términos de prefactibilidad
The present study conducts a pre-feasibility analysis to determine the viability of producing mayonnaise, ketchup, and mustard. To begin this pre-feasibility study, a market study was conducted where information on supplier, competitor, consumer, and distributor markets was analyzed. Regarding the supplier market, it was found that the vast majority of the necessary inputs are located near or within the Province of Buenos Aires. The competitor market is an imperfect oligopoly, where two companies, with their primary and secondary brands, dominate almost 92% of the market. Entry to the market will involve competing with similarly sized companies through significant marketing efforts. Regarding the consumer market, it can be said that demand is rising, with current consumption at 84,000 tons per year, and the products are found in 94% of households in the country. As for the distributor market, it was found that producers of a similar size to the proposed one outsource their shipments through companies exclusively dedicated to wholesale distribution to retail markets. To determine the location of the plant, a macro-location study was first conducted, followed by a micro-location study. This led to the decision to develop the project in the Industrial Park of Pilar, in the Province of Buenos Aires. Within the project and regarding the organizational aspect, a functional structure model was chosen, which will be divided into areas grouped by the activities to be performed, aiming for the most efficient operation and administration possible. In the field of basic engineering of the project, an exhaustive study of the necessary technology for its development was carried out, conducting a detailed analysis that allowed for the appropriate selection of equipment. Various factors were considered, such as origin, flexibility, safety, productivity, automation, cost, and equipment dimensions. The objective of this approach was to minimize costs, ensure maximum operational reliability, and facilitate maintenance that is both simple and standardized. Taking technology as a limiting factor and aiming to enter the market at a low level, the project size was determined. This is a very important aspect when studying the initial investment, future operating expenses, and the market share target. An annual production of 4,190,926 packages was estimated, covering between 1 and 1.6% of the annual demand for each product produced. Regarding detailed engineering, environmental, legal, organizational aspects, plant layout, and materials handling, quantities to produce and purchase, and space determination, among other things, were studied. Within the framework of the project, rigorous quality, safety, and hygiene measures were implemented to ensure product safety and safeguard the health of employees throughout each stage of the process, from raw material reception to finished product dispatch. Special attention was paid to the critical stages of dosing, pasteurization, grinding, and packaging. These actions, aligned with specific regulations, aim to improve manufacturing conditions and mitigate risks associated with the work environment. Additionally, the importance of employing high-efficiency technology was emphasized to optimize process performance and prevent any type of contamination. Hygiene of facilities and equipment was prioritized, implementing standardized operational hygiene procedures as an essential measure to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. To determine the plant layout, the necessary spaces for both administrative and production sectors were planned, considering adequate dimensions for workers, circulation, machines, storage, and other key aspects. Furthermore, this process was carried out within a legal and regulatory framework, ensuring compliance with labor, safety, and health regulations. An analysis of potential environmental impacts was also conducted, evaluating the necessary measures to mitigate any negative effects on the environment and ensure sustainable operation. Finally, an economic analysis was carried out to evaluate the project's viability in this aspect. The initial investment needed, variable costs including inputs, labor, and marketing, as well as fixed costs such as services and administrative staff, were determined. The investment in fixed assets is $785,555,921, while the investment in working capital is $117,381,592.04. Project flows were estimated with a ten-year horizon. Discount rate values, with a value of 18.92%; NPV, with a value of $329,281,616.48; and IRR, with a value of 27.91%, were obtained, allowing the determination that the payback period of the investment will be 3.4 years. Finally, through software, an investment risk analysis was conducted, taking the price and the number of units sold as critical variables. This determined that the project's economic results are highly sensitive to price variation. Even so, based on the probabilities obtained that the project's NPV will be greater than zero, it was defined that the project would be economically viable in terms of pre-feasibility.
The present study conducts a pre-feasibility analysis to determine the viability of producing mayonnaise, ketchup, and mustard. To begin this pre-feasibility study, a market study was conducted where information on supplier, competitor, consumer, and distributor markets was analyzed. Regarding the supplier market, it was found that the vast majority of the necessary inputs are located near or within the Province of Buenos Aires. The competitor market is an imperfect oligopoly, where two companies, with their primary and secondary brands, dominate almost 92% of the market. Entry to the market will involve competing with similarly sized companies through significant marketing efforts. Regarding the consumer market, it can be said that demand is rising, with current consumption at 84,000 tons per year, and the products are found in 94% of households in the country. As for the distributor market, it was found that producers of a similar size to the proposed one outsource their shipments through companies exclusively dedicated to wholesale distribution to retail markets. To determine the location of the plant, a macro-location study was first conducted, followed by a micro-location study. This led to the decision to develop the project in the Industrial Park of Pilar, in the Province of Buenos Aires. Within the project and regarding the organizational aspect, a functional structure model was chosen, which will be divided into areas grouped by the activities to be performed, aiming for the most efficient operation and administration possible. In the field of basic engineering of the project, an exhaustive study of the necessary technology for its development was carried out, conducting a detailed analysis that allowed for the appropriate selection of equipment. Various factors were considered, such as origin, flexibility, safety, productivity, automation, cost, and equipment dimensions. The objective of this approach was to minimize costs, ensure maximum operational reliability, and facilitate maintenance that is both simple and standardized. Taking technology as a limiting factor and aiming to enter the market at a low level, the project size was determined. This is a very important aspect when studying the initial investment, future operating expenses, and the market share target. An annual production of 4,190,926 packages was estimated, covering between 1 and 1.6% of the annual demand for each product produced. Regarding detailed engineering, environmental, legal, organizational aspects, plant layout, and materials handling, quantities to produce and purchase, and space determination, among other things, were studied. Within the framework of the project, rigorous quality, safety, and hygiene measures were implemented to ensure product safety and safeguard the health of employees throughout each stage of the process, from raw material reception to finished product dispatch. Special attention was paid to the critical stages of dosing, pasteurization, grinding, and packaging. These actions, aligned with specific regulations, aim to improve manufacturing conditions and mitigate risks associated with the work environment. Additionally, the importance of employing high-efficiency technology was emphasized to optimize process performance and prevent any type of contamination. Hygiene of facilities and equipment was prioritized, implementing standardized operational hygiene procedures as an essential measure to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. To determine the plant layout, the necessary spaces for both administrative and production sectors were planned, considering adequate dimensions for workers, circulation, machines, storage, and other key aspects. Furthermore, this process was carried out within a legal and regulatory framework, ensuring compliance with labor, safety, and health regulations. An analysis of potential environmental impacts was also conducted, evaluating the necessary measures to mitigate any negative effects on the environment and ensure sustainable operation. Finally, an economic analysis was carried out to evaluate the project's viability in this aspect. The initial investment needed, variable costs including inputs, labor, and marketing, as well as fixed costs such as services and administrative staff, were determined. The investment in fixed assets is $785,555,921, while the investment in working capital is $117,381,592.04. Project flows were estimated with a ten-year horizon. Discount rate values, with a value of 18.92%; NPV, with a value of $329,281,616.48; and IRR, with a value of 27.91%, were obtained, allowing the determination that the payback period of the investment will be 3.4 years. Finally, through software, an investment risk analysis was conducted, taking the price and the number of units sold as critical variables. This determined that the project's economic results are highly sensitive to price variation. Even so, based on the probabilities obtained that the project's NPV will be greater than zero, it was defined that the project would be economically viable in terms of pre-feasibility.
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Producción de aderezos, Distribución, Comercialización, Aceite vegetal, Huevos
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