Utilización de indicadores de calidad de suelos, para comparar el impacto de sistemas productivos agroecológicos, con respecto a ecosistemas naturales, en el Departamento Colón, Provincia de Entre Ríos
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2025-06-27
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El uso de indicadores de calidad de suelos se utiliza para comparar distintas situaciones y monitorear el estado de los ecosistemas, pero aún no hay un consenso en la comunidad científica de cuáles son los indicadores más recomendables para cada situación a analizar. En el presente trabajo se comparó un suelo hortícola manejado utilizando prácticas agroecológicas con el suelo prístino bajo el monte natural, en el bajo alambrado próximo. Para realizar la comparación de ambas situaciones, se seleccionaron variables físicas: Densidad aparente (DAp) y Resistencia mecánica a la penetración (RMP), químicas: Carbono orgánico total (COT), Nitrógeno total (Ntot), Fósforo extractable (Pe), Potasio intercambiable (K int) y reacción del suelo (pH), y biológicas: Carbono de biomasa microbiana (CBM), Nitrógeno mineralizado en incubaciones anaeróbicas (Nan) y Respiración microbiana. Además, se calcularon índices como el cociente metabólico, qCO2 (Respiración/CBM) y la relación CBM/COT. Se realizó un test T para muestras independientes y un análisis de componente principales (ACP). Las variables que mejor diferenciaron ambas situaciones fueron COT, Pe, Ntot, CBM y CBM/COT. Si bien en algunos parámetros no se detectaron diferencias significativas, se observaron tendencias, tales como la respiración y el qCO2. Se encontró que la situación inalterada es más eficiente porque tiene menor qCO2 (6,4 10-4 vs 7,5 10-4 mg C-CO2/ (mg CBM h)) y por cada unidad de COT, es capaz de generar mayor CBM (3,36 vs 1,99). Ambos índices, tomados en conjunto, son muy buenos indicadores de la calidad del suelo, ya que demuestran lo que está ocurriendo en un momento dado. Los componentes más asociados a las situaciones Pe, Ntot, CBM y COT, recibieron los pesos positivos más altos y el que presentó peso negativo más alto fue la relación CBM/COT, diferenciando entre ambas situaciones (suelo hortícola y campo natural). Por otro lado, se detectó el mayor valor de qCO2 y el menor de CBM/COT en el suelo hortícola, demostrando que la actividad de los microorganismos se ve afectada por cambios o disturbios en el manejo del suelo. Los indicadores que diferenciaron las dos situaciones no reflejan deterioro del suelo, sino ajustes asociados al manejo hortícola y a las prácticas agroecológicas y respaldan que estas prácticas en horticultura incrementan la materia orgánica del suelo, favorecen la actividad microbiana y permiten la producción de alimentos libres de plaguicidas.
The use of soil quality indicators is used to compare different situations and monitor the state of ecosystems, but there is still no consensus in the scientific community about which indicators are the most recommended for each situation to be analyzed. In this work, a horticultural soil managed using agroecological practices was compared with the pristine soil under the natural forest, in the nearby low fence. To compare both situations, physical variables were selected: Apparent density (AD) and Mechanical resistance to penetration (MRP), chemical variables: Total organic carbon (TOC), Total nitrogen (Ntot), Extractable phosphorus (Pe), Exchangeable potassium (K int) and soil reaction (pH), and biological variables: Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Mineralized nitrogen in anaerobic incubations (Nan) and Microbial respiration. In addition, indices such as the metabolic quotient, qCO2 (Respiration/MBC) and the MBC/TOC ratio were calculated. A T test for independent samples and a principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. The variables that best differentiated both situations were TOC, Pe, Ntot, MBC and MBC/TOC. Although no significant differences were detected in some parameters, trends were observed, such as respiration and qCO2. It was found that the unchanged situation is more efficient because it has lower qCO2 (6.4 10-4 vs 7.5 10-4 mg C-CO2/ (mg MBC h)) and for each unit of TOC, it is able to generate higher MBC (3.36 vs 1.99). Both indices, taken together, are very good indicators of soil quality, since they show what is happening at a given time. The components most associated with the situations Pe, Ntot, MBC and TOC received the highest positive weights and the one with the highest negative weight was the MBC/TOC ratio, differentiating between both situations (horticultural soil and natural field). On the other hand, the highest qCO2 value and the lowest MBC/TOC value were detected in the horticultural soil, demonstrating that the activity of microorganisms is affected by changes or disturbances in soil management. The indicators that differentiated the two situations do not reflect soil deterioration, but rather adjustments associated with horticultural management and agroecological practices and support that these horticultural practices increase soil organic matter, promote microbial activity and allow the production of pesticide-free foods.
The use of soil quality indicators is used to compare different situations and monitor the state of ecosystems, but there is still no consensus in the scientific community about which indicators are the most recommended for each situation to be analyzed. In this work, a horticultural soil managed using agroecological practices was compared with the pristine soil under the natural forest, in the nearby low fence. To compare both situations, physical variables were selected: Apparent density (AD) and Mechanical resistance to penetration (MRP), chemical variables: Total organic carbon (TOC), Total nitrogen (Ntot), Extractable phosphorus (Pe), Exchangeable potassium (K int) and soil reaction (pH), and biological variables: Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Mineralized nitrogen in anaerobic incubations (Nan) and Microbial respiration. In addition, indices such as the metabolic quotient, qCO2 (Respiration/MBC) and the MBC/TOC ratio were calculated. A T test for independent samples and a principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. The variables that best differentiated both situations were TOC, Pe, Ntot, MBC and MBC/TOC. Although no significant differences were detected in some parameters, trends were observed, such as respiration and qCO2. It was found that the unchanged situation is more efficient because it has lower qCO2 (6.4 10-4 vs 7.5 10-4 mg C-CO2/ (mg MBC h)) and for each unit of TOC, it is able to generate higher MBC (3.36 vs 1.99). Both indices, taken together, are very good indicators of soil quality, since they show what is happening at a given time. The components most associated with the situations Pe, Ntot, MBC and TOC received the highest positive weights and the one with the highest negative weight was the MBC/TOC ratio, differentiating between both situations (horticultural soil and natural field). On the other hand, the highest qCO2 value and the lowest MBC/TOC value were detected in the horticultural soil, demonstrating that the activity of microorganisms is affected by changes or disturbances in soil management. The indicators that differentiated the two situations do not reflect soil deterioration, but rather adjustments associated with horticultural management and agroecological practices and support that these horticultural practices increase soil organic matter, promote microbial activity and allow the production of pesticide-free foods.
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Soil quality indicators, Agroecological management, CBM, qCO2, Suelo-indicadores de calidad, Manejo agroecológico
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