Máquina de ensayo de tracción de plásticos: diseño y cálculo según norma ASTM D638
Date
2025-10-09
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Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Chubut
Abstract
Este proyecto se centra en el diseño de una máquina de ensayo de tracción para el análisis de plásticos fabricados mediante impresión 3D. A diferencia de soluciones comerciales, esta máquina busca ser económica, accesible y de fácil fabricación, cumpliendo con los requisitos establecidos por la norma ASTM D638, la cual define el método estándar para ensayos de tracción en materiales plásticos. En el desarrollo se abordan desafíos mecánicos como asegurar una baja deformación total de la máquina durante los ensayos, mediante un proceso de diseño iterativo y el análisis de elementos finitos. Además, se incorporan componentes Impresos en 3D en partes funcionales de la máquina, como la caja reductora, reduciendo significativamente los costos de fabricación. La motivación principal surge de la necesidad de comprender y analizar las propiedades mecánicas de los plásticos utilizados en la impresión 3D, información que suele ser limitada o directamente omitida por parte de los fabricantes de insumos. Esta máquina permitirá evaluar cómo las variables introducidas por la manufactura aditiva influyen en la resistencia de los materiales, abriendo nuevas vías de investigación tanto para la industria plástica como para instituciones públicas con recursos limitados.
El presente Proyecto Final de Grado, junto con sus anexos, documentación técnica y archivos digitales complementarios, ha sido depositado y preservado en el repositorio Zenodo. Además, este proyecto cuenta con un repositorio vivo en GitHub, donde se alojan las fuentes del hardware abierto, planos, modelos CAD, actualizaciones y futuros desarrollos vinculados a la máquina de ensayo
This project focuses on the design of a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for the analysis of plastics manufactured through 3D printing. Unlike commercial solutions, this machine aims to be cost-effective, accessible, and easy to manufacture, complying with the requirements established by the ASTM D638 standard, which defines the standard method for tensile testing of plastic materials. The development addresses mechanical challenges such as ensuring minimal overall deformation of the machine during testing, through an iterative design process and finite element analysis (FEA). Additionally, 3D printed components are incorporated into functional parts of the machine, such as the gearbox, significantly reducing manufacturing costs. The main motivation arises from the need to understand and analyze the mechanical properties of plastics used in 3D printing, information that is often limited or entirely omitted by material suppliers. This machine will enable the evaluation of how variables introduced by additive manufacturing (AM) affect material strength, opening new research opportunities both for the plastics industry and for publicly funded institutions with limited resources. This Final Degree Project, together with its annexes, technical documentation, and complementary digital files, has been deposited and preserved in the Zenodo repository. In addition, this project includes a live GitHub repository, where the open-hardware sources, drawings, CAD models, updates, and future developments related to the testing machine are hosted.
This project focuses on the design of a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for the analysis of plastics manufactured through 3D printing. Unlike commercial solutions, this machine aims to be cost-effective, accessible, and easy to manufacture, complying with the requirements established by the ASTM D638 standard, which defines the standard method for tensile testing of plastic materials. The development addresses mechanical challenges such as ensuring minimal overall deformation of the machine during testing, through an iterative design process and finite element analysis (FEA). Additionally, 3D printed components are incorporated into functional parts of the machine, such as the gearbox, significantly reducing manufacturing costs. The main motivation arises from the need to understand and analyze the mechanical properties of plastics used in 3D printing, information that is often limited or entirely omitted by material suppliers. This machine will enable the evaluation of how variables introduced by additive manufacturing (AM) affect material strength, opening new research opportunities both for the plastics industry and for publicly funded institutions with limited resources. This Final Degree Project, together with its annexes, technical documentation, and complementary digital files, has been deposited and preserved in the Zenodo repository. In addition, this project includes a live GitHub repository, where the open-hardware sources, drawings, CAD models, updates, and future developments related to the testing machine are hosted.
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Keywords
Tracción de plásticos, Máquina UTM, ASTM D638, ISO 527, Manufactura aditiva, Impresión 3D, Plastic tensile testing, UTM, Additive manufacturing, 3D printing
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Except where otherwised noted, this item's license is described as info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

