“¿Los cambios de puesto de trabajo en un contexto de achicamiento del Estado pueden afectar la salud de los trabajadores? El caso de una empresa ferroviaria estatal en Argentina”
Date
2026-02-05
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Abstract
Este trabajo, realizado en una empresa ferroviaria estatal dedicada al transporte de
pasajeros se enfoca en las causas del aumento del ausentismo en una población de empleados
que, a causa del proceso de achicamiento del estado y el avance de la tecnología, han sido
forzados a cambiar de puesto de trabajo, reubicándolos en un sector de menor envergadura y
mayor exposición. Desde el enfoque ergonómico, el objetivo fue realizar un análisis de la
actividad, el contexto de la empresa, la organización del trabajo y la carga mental de los
trabajadores, a los fines de establecer mejoras en las condiciones de trabajo y gestión del
personal, para reducir el impacto en la salud de los trabajadores. La metodología aplicada
incluyó observaciones abiertas, verbalizaciones, entrevistas y la realización de la encuesta
ISTAS21 en su versión corta a los trabajadores involucrados, y análisis del índice de
ausentismo y patologías más recurrentes. Los resultados evidenciaron condiciones
desfavorables respecto a la influencia, inseguridad sobre las condiciones de trabajo y calidad
de liderazgo. Al mismo tiempo, de las verbalizaciones surgió un factor común respecto a la
aparición de sintomatología asociada a los riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo en los
empleados, como cefaleas, desgano, cansancio, irritabilidad, problemas para conciliar el
sueño, entre otros, para los cuales se propusieron ejes de mejora en pos de resguardar su
salud física, psíquica y mental en un contexto desfavorable para dicha empresa.
This study, conducted at a state-owned passenger railway company, focuses on the causes of increased absenteeism among employees who, due to government downsizing and technological advancements, have been forced to change jobs, being reassigned to a smaller sector with greater exposure to risk. From an ergonomic perspective, the objective was to analyze the work activity, the company context, work organization, and mental workload of the employees in order to establish improvements in working conditions and personnel management, thereby reducing the impact on employee health. The methodology included open observations, verbalizations, interviews, and the administration of the short version of the ISTAS21 survey to the employees involved, as well as an analysis of the absenteeism rate and the most frequent health problems. The results revealed unfavorable conditions regarding influence, job insecurity, and the quality of leadership. At the same time, a common factor emerged from the verbalizations regarding the appearance of symptoms associated with psychosocial risks at work in employees, such as headaches, listlessness, tiredness, irritability, problems falling asleep, among others, for which improvement axes were proposed in order to safeguard their physical, mental and psychological health in an unfavorable context for said company.
This study, conducted at a state-owned passenger railway company, focuses on the causes of increased absenteeism among employees who, due to government downsizing and technological advancements, have been forced to change jobs, being reassigned to a smaller sector with greater exposure to risk. From an ergonomic perspective, the objective was to analyze the work activity, the company context, work organization, and mental workload of the employees in order to establish improvements in working conditions and personnel management, thereby reducing the impact on employee health. The methodology included open observations, verbalizations, interviews, and the administration of the short version of the ISTAS21 survey to the employees involved, as well as an analysis of the absenteeism rate and the most frequent health problems. The results revealed unfavorable conditions regarding influence, job insecurity, and the quality of leadership. At the same time, a common factor emerged from the verbalizations regarding the appearance of symptoms associated with psychosocial risks at work in employees, such as headaches, listlessness, tiredness, irritability, problems falling asleep, among others, for which improvement axes were proposed in order to safeguard their physical, mental and psychological health in an unfavorable context for said company.
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Keywords
Ergonomía, ausentismo, carga mental, riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo, boletero.
