Estado del arte en interfaces BCI
Date
2021-12-15
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Escuela de Posgrado - UTN FRBA
Abstract
Una persona con discapacidad es aquella que posee problemas en funciones corporales o dificultades para realizar actividades o involucrarse en situaciones vitales que, al interactuar con diversas barreras, puedan impedir su participación plena y efectiva con la sociedad, en igualdad de condiciones con los demás. Esas barreras limitan a las personas con discapacidad en sus oportunidades al acceso a la educación, salud y trabajo. En Argentina hay una prevalencia de personas con dificultades del 10,2%, de los cuales el 48,8% posee alguna dificultad motora. Esta discapacidad puede provocarse por enfermedades como la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y el síndrome de enclaustramiento, que reducen la tonalidad muscular y provocan movimientos involuntarios. Las personas con dichas patologías no pueden utilizar eficazmente tecnologías de apoyo más convencionales (teclados, pulsadores o mouse adaptados), por lo que las tecnologías basadas en interfaces cerebro-computadora ganaron relevante interés como solución a dichos pacientes. En este trabajo se analizan características de diversas interfaces basadas en diferentes técnicas de extracción de señales cerebrales y su aplicación en productos destinados a personas que son motivo de este estudio. También se enumeran diferentes algoritmos que permitan mejorar la utilización de estos diseños. A partir de las revisiones realizadas, se determinan las características más importantes a considerar en el desarrollo de una interfaz cerebro-computadora y las áreas de vacancia existentes en el campo de investigación. Se observa una escasa línea de profundización de artículos que prueben interfaces con pacientes, así como una proporción significativamente mayor de investigaciones realizadas en países centrales (EEUU, China, Alemania, por ejemplo) por sobre países periféricos (Argentina y el resto de América Latina, por ejemplo). Para atender las necesidades del potencial usuario final, la interfaz debe diseñarse enfocándose en sus necesidades de modo de obtener un producto que le mejore su calidad de vida. Como trabajo futuro, se propone el diseño de una interfaz cerebro-computadora, verificando su usabilidad con personas con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica o síndrome de enclaustramiento en Argentina.
A person with a disability is one who has problems in body functions or experiences difficulties in executing activities or in involvement in life situations that, by interacting with several barriers, may prevent their full and effective participation with society, on equal terms with others. These barriers limit these people in their opportunities to access education, health and work. In Argentina there is a prevalence of people with impairments of 10.2%, of which 48.8% have some motor impairment. This disability can be caused by diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and locked-in syndrome, which reduce muscle tone and cause involuntary movements. People with these pathologies cannot effectively use conventional assistive technologies (like adapted keyboards, switches or mice), so technologies based on brain-computer interfaces have gained relevant interest as a solution for these patients. In this work, characteristics of various interfaces based on different techniques of neural activity extraction and their application in products intended for people targeted in this study are analyzed. Different algorithms developed to improve the use of these interfaces are also listed. From the reviews carried out, the most important characteristics to consider in the development of a brain-computer interface and the existing vacancy areas in the research field are determined. There is scarce research on testing interfaces with patients, as well as a significantly higher proportion of investigations carried out in central countries (USA, China, Germany, for example) over peripheral countries (Argentina and the rest of Latin America, for instance). To meet the needs of the potential end-users, the interface must be designed focusing on their needs in order to obtain a product that improves their quality of life. As future work, the design of a brain-computer interface is proposed, verifying its usability with people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or locked-in syndrome in Argentina.
A person with a disability is one who has problems in body functions or experiences difficulties in executing activities or in involvement in life situations that, by interacting with several barriers, may prevent their full and effective participation with society, on equal terms with others. These barriers limit these people in their opportunities to access education, health and work. In Argentina there is a prevalence of people with impairments of 10.2%, of which 48.8% have some motor impairment. This disability can be caused by diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and locked-in syndrome, which reduce muscle tone and cause involuntary movements. People with these pathologies cannot effectively use conventional assistive technologies (like adapted keyboards, switches or mice), so technologies based on brain-computer interfaces have gained relevant interest as a solution for these patients. In this work, characteristics of various interfaces based on different techniques of neural activity extraction and their application in products intended for people targeted in this study are analyzed. Different algorithms developed to improve the use of these interfaces are also listed. From the reviews carried out, the most important characteristics to consider in the development of a brain-computer interface and the existing vacancy areas in the research field are determined. There is scarce research on testing interfaces with patients, as well as a significantly higher proportion of investigations carried out in central countries (USA, China, Germany, for example) over peripheral countries (Argentina and the rest of Latin America, for instance). To meet the needs of the potential end-users, the interface must be designed focusing on their needs in order to obtain a product that improves their quality of life. As future work, the design of a brain-computer interface is proposed, verifying its usability with people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or locked-in syndrome in Argentina.
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Keywords
Trabajo Final Integrador, Interfaces cerebro-computadora, P300, Potenciales relacionados a eventos, Imagen motora, Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, Síndrome de enclaustramiento, Discapacidad, Espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano, Potenciales visuales de estado estable, Potenciales corticales lentos, Imagen de resonancia magnética funcional, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Event-related Potentials, Motor Imagery, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Locked-in Syndrome, Disabilities, Near-infrared Spectroscopy, Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials, Slow Cortical Potentials, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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